America Moves to the City Post-Civil War

In the decades post- cultivated War, the States moved to the city. The increase in existence almost doub take especially with the rush of bleak immigrants. The drift towards the city didnt only affect the States, it affected the double-uern world. With juvenile industrial jobs, immigrants and Americans had opportunities for jobs, having the United States flourish.I. The late look of cities the urban frontier. A.1870 to 1900, the American population doubled, and the population in the cities tripled. B.Cities grew up and out, with such famed architects as Louis Sullivan working on and perfecting skyscrapers ( showtime appearing in Chicago in 1885). 1. The city grew from a mild compact one that state could walk by means of to get some to a huge metropolis that required commuting by galvanising trolleys. 2. Electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones do city intent much alluring. C.Department stores the manages of Macys (in untried York) and MarshallFields (in Chicago) provided urban working-class jobs and excessivelyattracted urban middle-class shoppers. 1. Theodore Dreisers Sister Carrie t gray of womans escapades in the city, made cities dazzling and attractive. 2. The move to city produced lots of trash, because while farmers constantly reused everything or fed trash to animals, city d wellheaders, with their mail-order houses resembling Sears and Montgomery Ward, which made things cheap and easy to buy, could simply throw away the things that they didnt like any(prenominal)more.D.Criminals flourished, and impure water, uncollected garbage, unwashed bodies, and droppings made cities smelly and unsanitary. 1. pommel of all were the slums, which were crammed with tribe. 2. So-called dumbbell tenements (which gave a bit of fresh transmission line down their airshaft) were the worst since they were dark, cramped, and had little sanitation or ventilation. E.To escape, the wealthy of the city-dwellers fled to suburbs.II. immigration happens all over the nation. A.Until the 1880s, most of the immigrants had come from the British Isles and western europium (Germany and Scandinavia) and were quite literate and accustomed to some type of representative government. Thiswas called the centenarian Immigration. But by the 1880s and 1890s, this shifted to the Baltic and Slavic people of southeasterly Europe, who were basically the opposite, New Immigration.1. Southeastern Europeans accounted for 19% of immigrants to the U.S. in 1880, early 1900s, were over 60%III. Southern Europeans make their way to America. A.Many Europeans came to America because there was no room in Europe, nor was there much employment, since industrialization had eliminated many jobs. 1. America often praised to Europeans, people boasted of eating everyday/having complimentarydom, much opportunity. 2. Profit-seeking Americans in addition maybe exaggerated the benefits of America to Europeans, so that they could get cheap labor and more money. B.Man y immigrants to America stayed for a short period of time and then returned to Europe, and st light those that remained (including persecuted Jews) tried very hard to retain their own culture and customs.1. However, the children of the immigrants sometimes rejected this Old World culture and plunged roll in the hayly into American life.IV. Americans fight back to the new immigrants in their country. A.Federal government did little to help immigrants assimilate into American society, so immigrants were often controlled by powerful bosses (such as New Yorks Boss Tweed) who provided jobs and shelter in return for political support at the polls.B.People like Walter Rauschenbusch and working capital Gladden began preaching the Social Gospel, insisting that churches rein in the burning genial issues of the day. C.Among the people who were deeply dedicated to uplifting the urban masses was Jane Addams, who founded Hull augury in 1889 to teach children and adults the skills and knowl edge that they would submit to survive and succeed in America.1. She eventually won the Nobel Peace gelt in 1931, unless her pacifism was looked down upon by groups such as the Daughters of the American Revolution, who revoked her membership. 2. Other such settlement houses like Hull House included Lillian Walds enthalpy Street Settlement in New York, which opened its doors in 1893. 3. Settlement houses became centers for womens activism and reform, as females such as Florence Kelley fought for protection of women workers and against child labor. 4. New cities gave women opportunities to earn money and support themselves get around (mostly single women, since being both a working mother and married woman was frowned upon).V. Narrowing the Welcome Mat A.The nativism and anti-foreignism of the 1840s and 1850s came back in the 1880s, as the Germans and western Europeans looked down upon the new Slavs and Baltics, fearing that a mixing of blood would ruin the fairer Anglo-Saxon race s and create inferior offspring.1. The native Americans blamed immigrants for the degradation of the urban government. These new bigots had forgotten how they had been scorned when they had arrived in America a few decades before.2. shift unionists hated them for their willingness to work for super-low wages and for bringing in dangerous doctrines like socialism and communism into the U.S. B.Anti-foreign organizations like the American Protective Association (APA) arose to go against new immigrants, and labor leaders were quick to try to stop new immigration, immigrants were frequently used as strikebreakers.C.Finally, in 1882, intercourse passed the first limiting law against immigration, which banned paupers, criminals, and convicts from advance here. D.1885, another law was passed banning the meaning of foreign workers under usually substandard contracts. E.Literacy tests for immigrants were proposed, but were resisted until they were finally passed in 1917, but the 1882 imm igration law in any case barred the Chinese from coming (the Chinese Exclusion Act).F.Anti-immigrant climate, the Statue of Liberty arrived from Francea gift from the French to America in 1886.VI. church servicees Confront the Urban Challenge A.Since churches had mostly failed to take any stands and rallyagainst the urban poverty, plight, and suffering, many people began toquestion the ambition of the churches, and began to commove that Satanwas winning the battle of full(a) and evil.1. The emphasis on existent gains worried many. B.A new generation of urban revivalists abuseped in, including people like Dwight Lyman Moody, a man who proclaimed the gospel of kindness and forgiveness and adapted the old-time religion to the facts of city life.1.Moody Bible Institute was founded in Chicago in 1889 and continued working well after his 1899 death. C.Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were in any case gaining many followers with the new immigration. 1. Cardinal Gibbons was popular w ith Roman Catholics and Protestants, as he preached American unity. 2. 1890, Americans chose from 150 religions, including the Salvation Army, tried to help the poor. D.The Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science), founded byMary Baker Eddy, preached a perversion of Christianity that she claimedhealed sickness. 5.YMCAs and YWCAs also sprouted.VII. Darwin Disrupts the Churches A.1859, Charles Darwin create his On the Origin of Species, which set onwards the new doctrine of evolution and attracted the ire and fury of fundamentalists. 1. Modernists took a step from the fundamentalists and refused to believe that the Bible was completely accurate and factual. They contended that the Bible was merely a collection of moral stories or guidelines, but not sacred discussion inspired by God.B.Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll was one who denounced creationism, ashe had been widely persuaded by the theory of evolution. Others blendedcreationism and evolution to invent their own interpreta tions.VIII. The Lust for acquisition A.New trend began in the creation of more public schools and the provision of free textbooks funded by taxpayers. 1. By 1900, there were 6,000 high schools in America kindergartens also multiplied. B.Catholic schools also grew in popularity and in number. C.To partially help adults who couldnt go to school, the Chautauqua movement, a successor to the lyceums, was launched in 1874. It included public lectures to many people by famous writers and extensive at-home studies.D.Americans began to develop a faith in formal knowledge as a solution to poverty.IX. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People A.South, war-torn and poor, lagged far behind in education, especially for Blacks, so Booker T. Washington, an ex-slave came to help. He started by heading a black normal (teacher) and industrial school in Tuskegee, Alabama, and teaching the students reusable skills and trades.1. Avoided Issue of social equality he believed in Blacks helping themselves first before gaining more rights. B.One of Washingtons students was George Washington Carver, who later spy hundreds of new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. C.However, W.E.B. Du Bois, the first Black to get a Ph.D. from Harvard University, demanded complete equality for Blacks and action now. He also founded the subject Association for the approach of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910.1.DuBoiss differences with Washington reflected contrasting life experiences of southern and northern Blacks.X. The Hallowed Halls of Ivy A.Colleges/universities sprouted after the Civil War, and colleges for women, such as Vassar, were gaining ground. 1. Also, colleges for both genders grew, especially in the Midwest, and Black colleges also were worked, such as Howard University in Washington D.C., Atlanta University, and Hampton Institute in Virginia.B.Morrill Act of 1862 had provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education and was exten ded by the Hatch Act of 1887, which provided federal funds for the origination of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.C.Private donations also went toward the innovation of colleges, including Cornell, Leland Stanford Junior, and the University of Chicago, which was funded by John D. Rockefeller. D.Johns Hopkins University maintained the nations first high-grade graduate school.XI. The March of the Mind A.Elective system of college was gaining popularity, took off after Dr. Charles W. Eliot became chairman of Harvard. B.Medical schools and science were prospering after the Civil War. 1. Discoveries by Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister (antiseptics) change medical science and health. 2. The brilliant but sickly William James helped establish the discipline of behavioral psychology, with his books Principles of Psychology (1890), The Will to Believe (1897), and Varieties of Religious sleep with (1902).a. His greatest work was Pragmatism (1907 ), which preached what he believed in pragmatism (everything has a useful purpose). XII. The Appeal of the Press A.Libraries such as the Library of Congress also opened across America, bringing literature into peoples homes. B.With the invention of the Linotype in 1885, the press more than kept pace with demand, but competition sparked a new brand of journalism called yellow journalism, in which newspapers reported on wild and fantastic stories that often were false or quite exaggerated sex, scandal, and other human-interest stories.C.2 Journalists emerged Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) & William Randolph Hearst (San Francisco Examiner) Strengthening of the Associated Press, which had been established in the 1840s, helped to offset some of the questionable journalism.XIII. Apostles of Reform A.Magazines like Harpers, the Atlantic Monthly, and Scribners Monthly partially satisfied the public appetite forgood reading, but perhaps the most influential of all was the New York Natio n, launched in 1865 by Edwin L. Godkin, a merciless critic. These were all liberal, reform-minded publications.B.Another enduring journalist-author was Henry George, who wrote Progress and Poverty, which undertook to solve the association of poverty with progress. 1. It was he who came up with the melodic theme of the graduated income taxthe more you make, the greater percent you pay in taxes. C.Edward Bellamy published Looking Backward in 1888, in which he criticized the social injustices of the day and pictured a utopian government that had nationalized big vexation serving the public good.XIV. Postwar Writing A.After the war, Americans devoured dime-novels whichdepicted the wild West and other romantic and adventurous settings. 1. The king of dime novelists was Harland F. Halsey, who made 650 of these novels. 2. world(a) Lewis Wallace wrote Ben Hur A Tale of the Christ, which combated the ideas and beliefs of Darwinism and reaffirmed the traditional Christian faith. B.Horatio Alger was more popular, since his rags-to-riches books told that virtue, honesty, and industry were rewarded by success, wealth, and honor. His most notable book was titled Ragged Dick.C.Walt Whitman was one of the old writers who still remained active, publishing revisions of Leaves of Grass. D.Emily Dickinson was a famed hermit of a poet whose poems were published after her death. E.Other lesser poets included Sidney Lanier, who was oppressed by poverty and ill health. XVI. The New Morality A.Victoria Woodhull proclaimed free love, and together with her sister, Tennessee Claflin, wrote Woodhull and Claflins Weekly, which floor readers with exposs of affairs, etc. B.Anthony Comstock waged a lifelong war on the immoral. C.The new morality reflected sexual freedom in the increase of birth control, divorces, and andiron discussion of sexual topics.XVII. Families and Women in the City A.Urban life was stressful on families, who were often separated, and everyone had to work, even chi ldren. 1. While on farms, more children meant more people to harvest and help, in the cities, more children meant more mouths to feed and a greater chance of poverty. B.1898, Charlotte Perkins Gilman published Women and Economics, a classic of feminist literature, in which she called for women to wildness their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy.1. She also advocated day-care centers and centralized nurseries and kitchens. C.Feminists also rallied toward suffrage, forming the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890, an organization led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton (whod organized the first womens rights convention in 1848 at Seneca Falls, NY) and Susan B. Anthony.D.By 1900, a new generation of women activists were present, led by Carrie Chapman Catt, who express the desirability of giving women the vote if they were to continue to discharge their traditional duties as homemakers in the increas ingly public world of the city.1. The Wyoming Territory was the first to offer women unrestricted suffrage in 1869. 2. The General Federation of Womens Clubs also encouraged womens suffrage. E.Ida B. Wells rallied toward better treatment for Blacks as well and formed the National Association of Colored Women in 1896.XVIII. Prohibition of alcohol and Social Progress A.Concern over the popularity (and dangers) of alcohol was also present, marked by the formation of the National Prohibition Party in 1869. 1. Other organizations like the Womens Christian Temperance Union also rallied against alcohol, calling for a national prohibition of the beverage. a. Leaders included Frances E. Willard and Carrie A. Nation who literally wielded a hatchet and hacked up bars. 2. The Anti-Saloon League was also formed in 1893. B.American order of magnitude for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was formed in 1866 to discourage the mistreatment of livestock, and the American tearing Cross, formed by Clara Barton, a Civil War nurse, was formed in 1881.