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Sunday, March 31, 2019

Management In Civil Engineering

solicitude In cultivated EngineeringIn general and widely adopted sense genteel designs be considered to design and manage the braid of roads, rail ways, prep beings, bridges, tunnels, dams, airports, pissing supply and sewer systems. They moldiness engender to look into several factors in the design process from the issue costs and expected lifetime of a switch to political relation policies and viable surroundingsal hazards such(prenominal) as hurri tines and earthquakes. Civil design, considered one of the oldest engine room disciplines, assimilates many specialties. The al or so common and crucial fields of obliging applied science argon structural, water supply resources, plait, transportation, and geo proficient engineering(Bean, A.L., 2007). Most of the swell-bred engineers hold administrative or supervisory positions, from supervisor of a facial expression range to city engineer. As civilian engineering is continuously broadening its atomic n umber 18a of interest so significant numbers of civil engineers pee excessively chosen their life story in worry, research, and teaching fields besides its common fields. Which are young emerging fields and they have their own significance in engineering.These consort of moves demand, civil engineers mustiness have requi hostel knowledge about alin concert these fields.Importance of wariness in Civil Engineering trouble is direct science domain and routine in managing building companies. It is one of the oldest benevolent activities, it activates human being abilities on building investment objects in baffle to procure necessity for civil engineering purposes. It is enough good reason to leave direct in worry development in civil engineering. As there are too many definitions of guidance depending on an author, lone both(prenominal)(prenominal) the most important are offered, namely the most acceptable in civil engineering domain. Remarkable aid is given to ma naging tasks in civil engineering as well to their correlationsIf we speak about attention in civil engineering then the total quality focalisationing must be proposed. Total quality prudence is a business ism and accessible way of modern companies around the whole world. It is the most modern-day idea of developing and advancing in alone life and hammer domains. The growing urge of businesslike part of the earths resources such as land, air, water and raw materials as well as concentration on efficient design, analysis and maintenance of civil structures requires a better insight in the spatial and temporal authority patterns of resources and activities (Bean, A.L., 2007). In escort of the fact that the parameters of civil engineering today are not plainly confined to design and verbalism of structures but due to globalization and privatization of civil engineering organisations now civil engineering emerges as a study, which not only pay attention on construction and design but also reflects the importance of centering of the resources expenditured in construction. Now we talk about the various fresh emerging fields of civil engineering (Motwani, J., 2001).Responsibilities for Civil EngineersIn most of the cases, such as e.g. the situation, when immanent phenomena like the weather is considered the engineering models certain to predict such phenomena are indeed real uncertain. The same applies to the presage of natural hazards such as e.g. earthquakes, rock-f alone and tsunamis which each(prenominal) constitute important exposures for the build environment. Engineering models must, however, also get a line into account the uncertain performance of man. due to the effect of the divers(prenominal) types of uncertainties there is no absolute sure thing associated with the terminus of an engineering decision. For this reason there is also no absolute certainty about the preventive of a structure. So as a engineer at construction s ite, it is also necessary for him to look into issues like wellness safety risk precaution, environmental instruction etcetera Now we in brief discuss about these issues (Carpenter, J. Williams, 2004).3.1 wellness Safety Risk ManagementAs per the definition, hazards which ca purpose risk of lives at site are due to transportation system of energy in one form or early(a). If the energy transferred to a greater extent than the withstanding content at the receiving end, hazard is created, which eventu solelyy raceways to carnal harm of employees. The human system or any other object or species has allowance take aims or thresholds for each form of energy. The quantity of such energy, particularly come the threshold limit must be delineated in determine to decide on the control method to eliminate or lop the impact of hazard. Mc Farland, another researcher in this field, has said all diagonalal injuries and damages result from application of specific forms of energy in amounts(Human Engineering, 2005).The main objective of the wellness counseling is to minimize or if possible then completely avoid hazards at site. It will decrease the chances of physical harm of employees and subsequently increase the wellness safety conditions at site. Although the achievement of a safety program depends on volume, how they are motivated and how they pass by with each other. One of the important let outs to success lies in establishing dialogue with people at all levels (Carpenter, J. Williams, 2004). So here health safety heed comes into picture, it basically help to carry out methods, which whitethorn include scripted circulars, reports, countersign sheets, promotional activities, incentive or reward schemes, personal opposition and, most successful of all, structured safety meetings at the employment place level where e genuinelyone can become involved . Safety meetings will be more than productive and motivating if a member of a group nether the guidance of management is asked to lead the meeting, having first been given the frame constitute of the subjects for discussion and what the discussion hopes to accomplish. Where avowers are part of the work group they should also be include. Conclusions and pushs should be written knock down and acted well upon. The enthusiastic participation of all staff in safety meetings should be regarded as a commodious term objective.Case StudyOver the last decade the highest set of accidents and causalities in British Industries has been identified by the construction industry. Accordingly the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) arranged blitz inspections in an attempt to implement health and safety legislation and thus get better construction site safety. But, after 2000 site speculations it was noticed that one third of the site supervisors and agents had in fit knowledge of and a poor attitude towards basic health and safety requirements. The blitz speculations were not successfu l in dropping down the number of deaths and other serious causalities but simply pointed out the insufficiency of knowledge of and the unsatisfactory attitudes towards health and safety risk management.The risk of incident in the construction industry has been dropped down from approximately 4.5 times high to approximately three times higher than the risk of causalities that is related with all British industries (Figure 1) (Carpenter, J. Williams, 2004).Fig 1. UK construction industry fatality rates per 100,000 workers compared with other industries 1992-2006 (Carpenter, J. Williams, 2004)3.3 Environmental ManagementFirst we define what exactly environmental management is and later we focus on its significance in a view of civil engineering. The main responsibilities of civil Engineers are to plan, grow and manage the border environment. Majority of us in our routine lives take the built environment more or slight for granted. We have got used to a well functioning infra-struc ture (Carpenter, J.,Williams, 2004). In addition, whereas some bridges and high rising buildings whitethorn be extremely extravagant most of the built environment is only noticed. Environment management also includes the appropriate functioning of sewage systems, tunnels and water supply systems. Systems without which our modern society could not function. When civil engineers make decisions in regard to the intend, design or maintenance of the built environment they take basis in the fundamental laws of nature, e.g. the results of fundamental research in physics, alchemy and biology. Well known examples of this is the rule of gravity or the laws of thermodynamics which all knead crucial roles in how we design and maintain buildings and structures.We know that the hotels and resorts in the Caribbean use large amounts of water, energy, chemicals, supplies, and disposable items. They also generate lots of waste such as wastewater and solid waste. Because of this, small efficiency gains can lead to large cost savings and environmental performance improvements. Environmental management is a systematic barbel to finding out practical ways for saving water, energy, and materials, and reducing negative environmental impacts. A proactive environmental management program is a win-win-win proposition because it can help a property save money, get recognized for environmental leadership, and preserve and nurture unique destinations (Human Engineering, 2005)..Sustainable urban growth call fors an integrated approach and the Thematic Strategy advocates that national and regional authorities support municipalities in achieving more integrated management at the local level. Integrated approaches dwell of long term strategic visions and connect dissimilar policies at different administrative levels to guarantee coherency. Integrated environmental management also comprises of tackling regarded issues together such as integrated spatial plan, urban management and gov ernance, scotch wellbeing and competitiveness, social inclusion and environmental stewardship..4. select Management System fiber means excellence. It is thus a philosophy rather than a elapse attribute. The difference between two objects is judged by their qualities. We set some standards which determine the level of acceptability. In most industries especially in manufacturing and process industry, the plan of quality management is old and used extensively. Nowadays, application of quality management is not only becoming popular but also compulsory in construction industry. flavour assurance in construction activities guides the use of correct structural design, specifications and proper materials ensuring that the quality of workmanship by the contractor or sub-contractor is achieved and finally maintaining the structure after construction is complete through periodic assessments for maintenance and repairs. feeling control has to be imposed by the contractor whereas qualit y assurance is carried out by a pick third party agency engaged by the owner (Biggar, J. L., 1990).Quality Management Concerns (Motwani, J.,2001)Quality control means rational use of resources.Quality control procedures implement appropriate mixing, proper compaction, correct placement and adequate curing.Quality control prevents temptation of over design.Quality control contains uncompromising manageing of every stratum of concrete production and rectification of faults.Quality control reduces maintenance costs.Fig 2. Role of quality management in any give (Motwani, J.,2001)Quality management basically comprises of following management4.1 Technical ManagementIt is apparent that quality and cost are the foregoing major concerns for any construction in a customer as well contractors perspective. Cost is related to the quality, that need to be identified for management decisions. The costs of lying-in can be broken down as follows There are many components other than raw mater ial and patience cost, which individual has to deal with to estimate and finalize the final cost of structures such as (Biggar, J. L., 1990)The costs of preparing appropriate designs, more training to reduce blow costs and a lot of maintenance work.In some cases we need demolishing of one structure and making another structure, so in this case the total cost and production time would be different from the estimates.Natural hazards can also cause to increase the cost of work out significantly by delaying the construction process or damaging it.So technical management includes the estimation of cost, time of completion and prediction of natural hazards those possible can happen at the site. At the beginning stage after surveying the site, material testing is carried out in order to make structure economically feasible by ensuring all possible safety concerns for the users. Many standard codes are set up for define the qualities of material and other raw materials such as The Ameri can federation of Civil Engineers (ASCE) favors the improvement and application of quality management system standards, including external standards such as the American Society for Quality Control and ISO 9000, to specialised engineering run and the application of standards to the authentic project (Motwani, J.,2001). Thus technical management also deals with matching up the standards of materials and if they suit then plans it to use efficiently. It even associates in predicting various factors which whitethorn affect the cost, safety and production time of the structure.This is considered the essential management whole for any construction project which in corporals with defining objectives and limitations, and to build mathematical analysis models in solving uncorrectable problems of production control, materials and breed, among others. Technical management includes the resources and construction personnel must utilised efficiently for the various operations to accomplish the job. At the construction site this involves management associated to crew management with related tasks, logistics related to operations as well as operations, assistance and maintenance.4.2 Project ManagementProject Management in construction can vary from projects to projects. Like if a construction is require to be done for a theme park than a team of creative people is needed, if a project is associated to the building some mall than the team of project management will have more of civil engineers. However today every company manages projects with some specialization. much(prenominal) as a construction company can specialize only in building bungalow, sky capers, Malls, theatres, parks etc.Project Management section in a project is a structure that is purposely designed for executing projects. It is specifically modified to circulate the demands of difficult tasks by separating unique work and maintaining a strong focus on accomplishing the project (Biggar, J. L., 1990)) . Once the project is finished, this structure disbands. Although this structure is supposed to be very good in managing dedicated resources throughout the life of the project. This section shows techniques and requirements during project planning, including cost estimation, forecasting, risk assessment and economic evaluation. It is the division where design and planning phase in which major capital savings may be procured during the eventual construction and operation phases. The key responsibilities of the Project Manager may differ depending on the the company maturity, the company size, industry, and the company culture. However, there are some mandatory responsibilities that are common to all Project Management organizations (Motwani, J.,2001).Fig 3. Diagram shows the various tasks associate with project management (Motwani, J.,2001) trading operations Management feats Management (OM) incorporates with the design and management of required task, go and supply chains, processe s. It includes a wide range of judgment that companies have to make, such as product design, capacity planning, forecasting, process selection, technology selection, design of facilities and jobs, inventory management, management of the supply chain, project management, maintenance management and quality management(Biggar, J. L., 1990).The work and fuction of Operational management (OM) ranges from strategic to operational and tactical levels. Strategic problems may incorporate with determining the location and size of manufacturing plants, deciding the structure of service net whole works and designated technology supply chains. And tactical problems could include plant layout and equipment selection. As a conclusive remark, operational tasks may include production scheduling, inventory management, quality control and material handling. The appropriate management of these resources requires the sorts of knowledge and skills interpretd by Operation Management concepts, tools and te chniques (Sommerville, J., 2000). financial and technical Systems5.1 Financial SystemsFinancial systems facilitates to inform your organizations planning and action plans. Financial systems also assist you track and manage the resources required to successfully complete your work. These guidelines grant basic practices, Which you will need to build nancial sustainability in your organization. Other reasons why developing nancial systems are important because they take over key role in the task such as establishing nancial controls and clear accounting procedures help ensure that funds are used for intend purposes, transparency, clear planning and realistic projections contribute to the credibility of the organization, Financial systems and capacity help the organization to make sound decisions based on exchange ow and available resources, it help to provide reports to the f beneaths that demonstrate that grants were used for intended purposes etc.The financial system is the syste m that lets the transfer of money between savers and borrowers. Financial systems play a key role in distribution of resources in a modern economy. They link up household savings to the corporate sector and allocate investment funds among firms. They allow inter temporal smoothing of consumption by households and expenditures by firms and they enable households and firms to share risks. However these functions are very common to the financial systems of most developed and developing economies. though the types of these financial systems varies widely as per the requirement.Generally we know the fact that the civil engineering projects are very large and demand a very huge amount of money. One individual is solely unable to bring forth through that demand of money. To eliminate this problem financial systems have been developed, which ensure to provide any sudden and large requirement of money. They have authority to monitor the whole market and handle the economy of a large domain .5.2 Commercial SystemsThe expression commercial system is general and applies to any group or organization with a specific set of skills, priorities, strategies, goals and resources that put in order to collectively achieve the predefined aim of making cabbage. Ultimately, a group and organization is said to be commercial if its main objective to earn profit for the proprietor, shareholders, or both, by supplying products and services.To comprehend properly what a commercial organization is requires being aware of the many for profit activities commercial organizations figure in.Thus both systems financial and commercial have their distinct role in any construction project. However financial systems are also exceedingly commercial. Financial system guarantees the availability of necessary funds and proper distribution of it to the various departments of project. Where as commercial system aims to provide utmost profit to owner and even more satisfaction to customer.Human menta l imagery ManagementManaging earth or personnel is at the heart of most all the real life management problems. What it takes to manage humans? wherefore humans are a resource and what makes them special? The function of HRM is to bring out issues involved in the management of human resources (HRM), both from topical theory as well as practice (Beardwell, Ian Holden, Len 1986). It also examines humans at work and discusses various aspects which are basic to human divine guidance at work and in fulfilling career aspirations within organizations. HRM includes various issues cover from selection placement to performance appraisal, salary career management, and training, etc. of employees in organizations.The expressions human resource management (HRM) and human resources (HR) have widely substituted by the expression personnel management as a explanation of the processes included in managing people in organizations. In brief, HRM has to deal with employing people, developing their resources, utilizing, maintaining and compensating their services in tune with the task and organizational requirement. The HRD profession and HRM function have undergone significant change over the past couple of historic period. Many years ago, large organizations looked to the Personnel Division mostly to manage the paperwork around hiring and stipendiary people (Roethlisberger and Dickson, 1943).Human resource management (HRM) is the formulated concept to the management of an organizations most appreciated features. The people working there who individually as well as collectively contribute to the accomplishment of the objectives of the business. Recently, organizations consider the HR Department as playing a major role in recruitment, training and helping to manage people so that people and the organizations are performing at limit capability in a highly satisfying manner. However, many HR functions these days combat to get beyond the roles of employee champion and adminis tration, and are seen rather as reactive than strategically proactive partners for the top management.At the end of the day, the objective of human resource management is to assist an organization to reach predefined goals by satisfying, and maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. The key word most probably here is fit, a HRM approach seeks to ensure a fit between the management of a companys employees, and the overall strategic direction of the company (Staw and Barsade, 1993).The theoretical discipline of HRM is considering primarily the assumption that employees are individuals with varying needs and goals, and as such should not be aspect of as basic business resources, such as trucks and filing cabinets. The area needs a positive view of workers, assuming that practically all wish to contribute to the enterprise productively, and that the main complication to their endeavors are overlook of knowledge, failures of process and insufficient training. Neverthel ess these conventional expressions are becoming less common for the theoretical discipline. Sometimes even industrial and employee relations are confusingly termed as synonyms, although these generally imply to the connection between management and workers and the behavior of people in companies.The Human Resources Management (HRM) profession includes legion(predicate) activities, and the most crucial among them is choosing what staffing needs you have and whether to use independent contractors or recruit employees to achieve these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, promising they are overhead railway performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring personnel and management practices conform to number of regulations. Activities also include managing your move toward to employee benefits and compensation, employee details and personnel policies. However, they should always ensure that employees have a vague idea of personnel policies which confirm to current regulations. These policies are generally in the form of employee manuals, that all employees own.Document ControlAnyone who works in a professional services firm nowadays must know well that history management involves far more than ingenuous data processing and file sharing.Document management nowadays must keep in mind the complete life cycle of a document as well as its content from creation, employees and clients, to the eventual retentiveness and harvesting of content for reuse, to collaboration among partners. In response of fulfilling these needs, firm developed technologies that offer firms to make and control documents that were not applicable in years past. Professional services companies can now enhance productivity, increase tribute through tighter controls over document production and handling, and perk up document quality through the application of clear editing and review highroad ways. Additionally, progresses in collaboration and communication can facilitate firms to attain the smartest return. unofficialProject Management section in a project is a structure that is purposely designed for executing projects. It is specifically modified to reach the demands of difficult tasks by separating unique work and maintaining a strong focus on accomplishing the project. Although this structure is supposed to be very good in managing dedicated resources throughout the life of the project. This section shows techniques and requirements during project planning, including cost estimation, forecasting, risk assessment and economic evaluation. It is the division where design and planning phase in which major capital savings may be procured during the eventual construction and operation phases.At the construction site safety is the major concern because these projects are huge so a small mistake can cause of a serious damage. The main objective of the health management is to minimize or if possible then completely avoid hazards at site. It will decrease the chances of physical harm of employees and subsequently increase the health safety conditions at site. One of the important keys to success lies in establishing communication with people at all levels. To improve the safety methods new ways have been used to reach the satisfactory safety levels. This whole work can not be done by the single unit at the site but all management units specified in a higher place coordinated well and help to implement methods, which may include written circulars, reports, news sheets, promotional activities, incentive or reward schemes, personal contact and, most successful of all, structured safety meetings at the work place level where everyone can become involved. Safety meetings will be more productive and motivating if a member of a group under the guidance of management is asked to lead the meeting, having first been given the framework of the subjects for discussion and what the discussion hopes to accomplish. For the progress of any project it is necessary that all accident should be avoided at the site which eventually needs improved safety methods.

An overview of social media

An overview of affable mediaWhat is cordial Media? Social media is a blanket terminal figure that encompasses all tools that allow groups to generate content and take over in peer-to-peer conversations and exchange of content online. A nonher common term for interactions such(prenominal) as these is Web 2.0. Social media atomic number 18 highly accessible and crummy tools that all anyone from the personal sector to the corporate sector to access, create, and publish information. These media are greatly distinct from more the more traditional industrial media (newspapers, television, film) that take on heavy resources use for publication. One characteristic shared by some(prenominal) kindly media and industrial media is the cap superpower to reach small or freehanded audiences for example, either a blog post or a television show may reach zero people or millions of people. The properties that supporter describe the differences amongst social media and industrial media de pend on the study. many of these properties are1. Reach both industrial and social media technologies provide ordered series and enable anyone to reach a global audience.2. Accessibility the means of output signal for industrial media are typically owned privately or by government social media tools are generally available to anyone at petty or no cost.3. Usability industrial media production typically requires specialized skills and training. close social media do not, or in some cases reinvent skills, so anyone can operate the means of production.4. Recency the time lag between communications produced by industrial media can be long (days, weeks, or flush months) compared to social media (which can be capable of virtually instantaneous responses only the participants determine any delay in response). As industrial media are currently adopting social media tools, this feature may well not be distinctive anymore in some time.5. Permanence industrial media, once created, c annot be altered (once a magazine article is printed and distributed changes cannot be made to that same article) whereas social media can be altered some instantaneously by comments or editing. In his 2006 book The Wealth of Networks How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom, Yochai Benkler analyzed many of these distinctions and their implications in terms of both economics and political liberty. However, Benkler, like many academics, uses the neologism network economy or network information economy to describe the underlying economic, social, and technological characteristics of what has execute to be known as social media.Andrew Keen criticizes social mediacitation desireed in his book The Cult of the Amateur, writing, Out of this anarchy, it suddenly became clear that what was governing the unfathomable monkeys now inputting away on the Internet was the law of digital Darwinism, the survival of the fittest of the loudest and most opinionated. Under these rules, the only way to intellectually prevail is by infinite filibustering. Information outputs and human interaction.Primarily, social media depend on interactions between people as the discussion and integration of words to build shared-meaning, victimisation technology as a conduit. Social media has been touted as presenting a heady direction for selling by allowing companies to talk with consumers, as opposed to public lecture at them.Social media utilities create opportunities for the use of both inductive and deductive logic by their users. Claims or warrants are quickly transitioned into generalizations due to the elan in which shared statements are posted and viewed by all. The speed of communication, breadth, and depth, and ability to see how the words build a case solicits the use of rhetoric. founding is frequently used as a means to validate or authenticate different users statements and words. Rhetoric is an important part of todays language in social media.Social media are not finite there is not a set number of pages or hours. The audience can embark in social media by adding comments, instant messaging or even editing the stories themselves.What is Social Media Marketing?Social media merchandise is a term that describes the act of apply social networks, online communities, blogs, wikis or any other cooperative Internet form of media for market, sales, public relations and customer service. Common social media marketing tools include Twitter, blogs, LinkedIn, Facebook, Flickr and YouTube. In the context of Internet marketing, social media refers to a collective group of web properties whose content is primarily published by users, not direct employees of the property (e.g. the vast majority of video on YouTube is published by non-YouTube employees).Social media marketing has three important aspects(1) Creating bombilation or news worthy events, videos, tweets, or even blog entries that retract attention, and become viral in nature. Buzz i s the piece that makes social media marketing work, it replicates a message not through purchase of an ad, but organic user to user contact.(2) Building ways that fans of a brand or company can promote it themselves in multiple online social media venues. winnow pages in Twitter, MySpace of Facebook are exactly this.(3) It is conversational. Social media marketing is not amply controlled by the institution, it allows for user participation and dialogue. Potentially a badly intentional social media marketing campaign can backfire on the organization that created it. That is the reason that SMM campaigns must fully engage and respect the users.According to Lloyd Salmons, branch chairman of the Internet Advertising Bureau social media council Social media isnt entirely about big networks like Facebook and MySpace, its about brands having conversations.The parameters surrounding social media marketing are arguably elusive today however a increment consensus suggests social media marketing and Social Media are here to stay. Nielsen published a report suggesting that blogs and social networks make up the emerging social web. The social web includes social media sites and it is a location within which social media marketing takes place.Social media are media designed to be disseminated through social interaction, created using highly accessible and scalable publishing techniques. Social media supports the human need for social interaction, using Internet- and web-based technologies to transform broadcast media monologues (one to many) into social media dialogues (many to many). It supports the democratization of association and information, transforming people from content consumers into content producers. Businesses also refer to social media as user-generated content (UGC) or consumer-generated media (CGM).Social media can be said to pretend three components 1. Concept (art, information, or meme). 2. Media ( corporeal, electronic, or verbal). 3. Social in terface (intimate direct, residential district engagement, social viral, electronic broadcast or syndication, or other physical media such as print).Common forms of social media* Concepts, slogans, and statements with a high warehousing retention quotient, that excite others to repeat. * Grass-Roots direct action information dissemination such as public speaking, installations, performance, and demonstrations. * Electronic media with sharing, syndication, or search algorithm technologies (includes profit and mobile devices). * Print media, designed to be re-distributed.

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Difference of Squares of Two Natural Numbers

deviance of Squ atomic frame 18s of Two Natural enumerates single of the basic arithmetic trading operations is inventing comfortings and diversion amidst squargons of dickens intrinsic figs. Though there ar various manners to rise up the balance amid squares of deuce earthy chassiss, still there are scopes to hold simplified and easy cash advancees. As the epoch form utilize the leaving surrounded by squares of devil inherent chassiss follow a number patterns, using number patterns may facilitate more easy approach. Also, this epoch has some general properties which are already discussed by m whatever mathematicians in different notations. Apart from these, the place has some special properties like chronological sequence unlikeness post, end totality property, which benefactors to come the value comfortably. The sequence excessively has some dealings that assist to form a number pattern.This radical tries to identify the general properti es, special properties of purpose unlikeness among the squares of every ii innate rime pool using number patterns. A infield harness relationship amidst the sequences of amount organise by encountering the deflexion betwixt squares of the 2 ingrained poesy has been defined. A youthful regularity to find a2 b2 overly has been introduced in some simple cases. This approach exit help the randomnessary education lower grade students in identifying and recognizing number patterns and squares of immanent meter.Mathematical Subject Classifications (2010) 11A25, 11A51, 40C99, 03F50DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SQUARES OF TWO cancel NUMBERS RELATIONS, PROPERTIES AND NEW APPROACHIntroductionMathematics, a subject of problem solving skills and applications, has wide usage in all the fields. Basic skills of numerical applications in number systems intaked pull down in twenty- four hour period to day life. Though calculators and computers have great influences in calculati ons, still there is a need to find new easy orders of calculations to im splay personal determineing skills.As there has been g speeching interest, in mathematics education, in learn and learning, many mathematicians build simple and different methods, rules and relationships in various numeral field. Though various investigations have made important contributions to mathematics outgrowth and education (2), there still room for new research to finish up the mutual relationship among the rime and number patterns.In indwelling rime, various subsets have been recognized by ancient mathematicians. Some are matchless total, prime numbers, oblong numbers, triangular numbers and squares. These numbers shall be set by number patterns. Recognizing number patterns is in addition an important problem-solving skill. workings with number patterns leads directly to the concept of functions in mathematics a stiff description of the relationships among different quantities.One of t he basic arithmetic operations is conclusion squares and battle mingled with squares of dickens innate numbers. Already many proofs and relationships were identified and proved in finding leaving amongst squares of dickens inbred numbers. We use different methods to find the residue amidst squares of cardinal natural numbers. That is, to find a2 b2. Though, this area of research may be discussed by archaean mathematicians and researchers in various aspects, still there are many raise ways to discuss the same in teaching.Teaching number patterns in secondary level education is most important issue as the students modernize their analytical and cognitive skills in this stage. Different arithmetic operations and calculations need to be introduced in such way that they help the students in lifelong learning. Easy and simplified approaches will support the students in ratiocinative reasoning.This newsprint tries to identify the general properties, special properties of finding expiration among the squares of any both natural numbers using number patterns. Also, this paper tries to define the rhombus rule relationship amid the sequences of numbers formed by the going aways of squares of ii natural numbers. A new method to find a2 b2 besides has been introduced in some simple cases.These may be introduced in secondary school early grades, before introducing algebraic techniques of finding a2 b2 to develop the knowledge and understanding of number patterns. This will help to recognize and halt number patterns in further level.Literature ReviewTo find the deviance surrounded by the squares of any ii natural numbers, we use different methods. Also, we use various rules to find the square of a natural number. Some properties were too been identified by the researchers and mathematicians.Methods used to find the divergence among squares of two natural numbersDirect MethodThe difference between the squares of two natural numbers shall be found out by finding the squares of the numbers directly.Example 252 52 = 625 25 = 600Using algebraic ruleThe algebraic rule a2 b2 = (a b)(a + b) shall be utilize to find the difference between the squares of two natural numbers.Example 252 52 = (25 5)(25 + 5) = 20 x 30 = 600Method when a b = 1(2)The difference between the squares of every two ensuant natural numbers is always an unpaired number, and that it is equal to the sum of these numbers.Example 252 242 = 25 + 24 = 49Methods used to find the square of a natural numberUsing Algebraic MethodThe algebraic rules shall be used to find the square of natural number different(a)wise than the direct multiplication. In general, (a + b)2, (a b)2 are used to find the squares of a natural number from nearest whole number.Example 992 = (100 1)2= 1002 2(100)(1) + 12 = 10000 two hundred + 1= 9801Square of a number using previous number(8)The following rule may be use to find the square of a number using previous number.(n + 1)2 = n2 + n + (n+1)Example 312 = 302 + 30 + 31 = 900 + 30 + 31 = 961The Gilbreth Method of finding square(9)The Gilbreth method uses binomial theorem to find the square of a natural number. The rule isn2 = 100(n 25) + (50 n)2Example 992 = 100(99 25) + (50 99)2= 7400 + 2401 = 9801Other than the supra mentioned methods various methods are used based on the knowledge and requirements.Properties of differences between squares of the natural numbers2.3.1. The difference between squares of any two concomitant natural numbers is always unmatched.To prove this property, allow us recall two ensuant natural numbers, sound out 25 and 26 presently allow us find 262 252262 252 = (26 + 25)(26 25) Using algebraic rule= 51 x 1 = 51, an laughable number2.3.2. The difference between squares of any two utility(a) natural numbers is always even.To prove this property, let us assure two substitute natural numbers, say 125 and 127Now let us find 1272 12521272 1252 = (127 + 125)(12 7 125) Using algebraic rule= 252 x 2 = 504, an even numberSome other properties were also identified and discussed by various mathematicians and researchers. sum up Patterns and Difference Between the Squares of Two Natural Numbers Discussions and FindingsSome of the properties tell above shall be proved by using number pattern. Number patterns are interesting area of arithmetic that stimulates the logical reasoning. They shall be applied in various notations to identify the sequences and relations between the numbers.3.1. Sample plug-in for the difference between squares of two natural numbersTo find the properties and relations that are satisfied by the sequences formed by the differences between the squares of two natural numbers, let us form a number pattern. For word purposes, let us deem first 10 natural numbers 1, 2, 3 10.Now, let us find the difference between two back-to-back natural numbers.That is, 22 12 = 3 32 22 = 5 and so on. whence the sequence will be as fo llows 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19.The sequence is a set of matchless numbers head start from 3.i.e., Difference 1 x x is an odd number greater than or equal to 3, x NIn the same way, let us form the sequence for the difference between squares of two selection natural numbers.That is, 32 12 = 8, 42 22 = 12, and so on.Then the sequence will be 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36 thereof the sequence is a set of even numbers and multiples of 4 beginning from 8.i.e., Difference 2 x x is an multiple of 4 greater than or equal to 8, x NBy proceeding this way, the sequences for other differences shall be formed. allow us move the sequences in a parry for sermon purposes.In send back 1, N is the natural number.S is the square of the jibe natural number.D1 represents the difference between the squares of two consecutive natural numbers. That is, the difference between the numbers is 1.D2 represents the difference between the squares of two leaf natural numbers. That is, the d ifference between the numbers is 2.D3 represents the difference between the squares of 4th and world-class number. That is, the difference between the numbers is 3, and so on.3.2. Relationship between the row elements of each pillarNow, let us discuss the relationship between the elements of rows and columns of the table.From the above table, pillar D1 shows that the difference between squares of two consecutive numbers is odd.Column D2 shows that the difference between squares of two alternate numbers is even.The other columns show that the difference between the squares of two numbers is both odd or even.From the above findings, the following properties shall be defined for the difference between squares of any two natural numbers.3.3. General Properties of the difference between squares of two natural numbersThe difference between squares of any two consecutive natural numbers is always odd.Proof Column D1 proves this property.This may also be tested randomly for big numbers. permit us consider two digit consecutive natural numbers, say 96 and 97.Now, 972 962 = 9409 9216= 493, an odd number allow us consider three digit consecutive natural numbers, say 757 and 758. olibanum, 7582 7572 = 574564 573049= 1515, an odd numberThis property may also be further tested for big numbers and proved. For example, let us consider five digit two consecutive natural numbers, say 15887 and 15888.Then, 158882 158872 = 252428544 252396769= 31775, an odd numberApart from these, the property shall also be easily derived by the natural numbers properties. As the difference between two consecutive numbers is 1, the natural number property The sum of odd and even natural numbers is always odd, shall be applied to prove this property.The difference between squares of any two alternative natural numbers is always even.Proof Column D2 proves this property.This may also be corroborate for big numbers by considering different digit natural numbers as discussed above.Apart fro m this, as the difference between two alternate natural numbers is 2, the natural numbers property A natural number said to be even if it is a multiple of two shall also be used for proving the give tongue to property.The difference between squares of any two natural numbers is either odd or even, depending upon the difference between the numbers.Proof The other columns of Table 1 prove this property.In Table 1, as D3 represents the sequence formed by the difference between two natural numbers whose difference is 3, an odd number, the sequence is also odd. Thus, the property may be proved by testing the other Columns D4, D5, Also, the addition, subtraction and multiplication properties of natural numbers prove this property.Example112 62hither the difference (11 6 = 5) is odd.So, the result will be odd.i.e. 112 62 = 121 36 = 85, an odd number122 82 present the difference (12 8 = 4) is even.So, the result will be even.i.e. 122 82 = 144 64 = 80, an even number3.4. Special Pro perties of the difference between squares of the two natural numbersTable 1 also facilitates to find some special properties stated below.Sequence Difference PropertyTable 1 shows that the sequences formed are following a number pattern with a common property between them. allow us consider the number sequences of each column.Let us consider the first column D1 elements. D1 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 As D1 represents the difference between the squares of two consecutive natural numbers, let us say, a and b with a b, the difference between them will be 1.That is a b = 1Let us consider the difference between the elements in the sequence.The difference between the numbers in the sequence is 2.Thus the difference between the elements of the sequence shall be expressed as, 2 x 1. Thus, Difference = 2(a b)Now, let us consider the second column D2 elements. D2 8, 12, 16, 26, As D2 represents the difference between the squares of two alternative natural numbers, the difference between the natura l numbers, say a and b is always 2. That is a b = 2If we consider the difference between the elements in the sequence, the difference is 4.Thus, the difference between the elements in the sequence shall be expressed as 2 x 2.That is, difference = 2 (a b)In the same way, D3 15, 21, 27, 33, D3 represents the difference between squares of the 4th and inaugural numbers, difference is 3. That is a b = 3The difference between the numbers in the sequence is 6.Thus, difference = 2 x 3 = 2(a b)All other columns also show that the difference between the numbers in the corresponding sequence is 2 (a b)Thus, this may be generalized as following propertyThe difference between elements of the number sequence, formed by the difference between any two natural numbers, is equal to two quantify of the difference between those corresponding natural numbers.Difference center PropertyFrom Table 1, we shall also identify other relationship between the elements of the sequence formed.Let us co nsider the columns from table 1 other than D1. hire D2 8, 12, 16, 20, This sequence shall be formed by adding two numbers of Column D1.i.e. 8 = 3 + 512 = 5 + 716 = 7 + 920 = 9 + 11And so on.Thus, if the difference between the natural numbers interpreted is 2, then the number sequence of the difference between the two natural numbers shall be formed by adding 2 natural numbers.Consider D3 15, 21, 27, This sequence shall be formed by adding three numbers from Column D1.i.e. 15 = 3 + 5 + 721 = 5 + 7 + 927 = 7 + 9 + 11And so on.Thus, if the difference between the natural numbers taken is 3, then the number sequence of the difference between the two natural numbers shall be formed by adding 3 natural numbers.This may also be confirm with take note to the other columns.Table 2 shows the above relationship between the differences of the squares of the natural numbers.Now the above relation shall be generalized asIf a b = k 1, then a2 b2 shall be written as the sum of k natural numbers As Column D1 elements are odd natural numbers, this property may be defined asIf a b = k 1, then a2 b2 shall be written as the sum of k odd natural numbersAs these odd numbers are consecutive, the property may be further just now defined asIf a b = k 1, then a2 b2 shall be written as the sum of k consecutive odd natural numbers3.5. New Method to find the difference between squares of two natural numbersUsing the above difference sum property, the difference between squares of two natural numbers shall be found as follows.The property shows that, a2 b2 is equal to sum of k consecutive odd numbers. Now, the brain idea is to find those k consecutive odd numbers.Let us consider two natural numbers, say 7 and 10.The difference between them 10 7 = 3Thus, 102 72 = sum of three consecutive odd numbers.102 72 = 100 49 = 51Now, 51 = perfume of 3 consecutive odd numbersi.e., 51 = 15 + 17 + 19Let we try to find these 3 numbers with respect to either the first number, let us say, a or the second number, say, b.Assume, for bAs general form for odd numbers is either (2n + 1) or (2n 1), as b 15 = 2(7) + 1 = 2b + 117 = 2(7) + 3 = 2b + 319 = 2(7) + 5 = 2b + 5Thus, 102 72 shall be written as the sum of 3 consecutive odd numbers starting from 15.i.e. starting from 2b + 1This idea may also be applied for higher digit numbers. Let us consider two 3 digit numbers, 101 and 105. Let us find 1052 1012 here(predicate) the difference is 4. Thus 1052 1012 shall be written as the sum of 4 consecutive odd numbers.The numbers shall be found as follows here b = 101The first odd number = 2b + 1 = 2(101) + 1 = 203Thus, the 4 consecutive odd numbers are 203, 205, 207, 209So,1052 1012 = 203 + 205 + 207 + 209 = 824This shall be affirm for any number of digits. Let us consider two 6 digit numbers 100519, 100521. Let us find 1005212 1005192hither the difference is 2. Thus 1005212 1005192 shall be written as the sum of two odd numbers.Applying the same idea,The first odd number = 2(100519) + 1 = 201039Thus the 2 consecutive odd numbers are 201039, 2010411005212 1005192 = 201039 + 201041 = 402080The above result shall be verified by using other methods.For example 1052 10121052 1012 = 11025 10201 = 824 (Using Direct Method)1052 1012 = (105 + 101) (105 101) = 206 x 4 = 824 (Using Algebraic Rule)Thus, this idea shall be generalized as followsa2 b2shall be found by adding the (a b) consecutive odd numbers starting from 2b + 1This shall also be found using the first terminus a. As a b, let us consider (2n 1) form of odd numbers.From Table 1, 102 62 = 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 64Here, 2a 1 = 2(10) 1 = 192a 3 = 2(10) 3 = 172a 5 = 2(10) 5 = 152a 7 = 2(10) 7 = 13Thus, as the difference between the numbers is 4, 102 62 shall be written as the sum of four consecutive odd numbers in sneak order starting from 2a 1.Thus proceeding, this may be generalized as,a2 b2shall be found by adding the (a b) consecutive odd numbers starting from 2a 1 in reverse orderFinding the first number of each columnLet us check the number pattern followed by the first numbers of each column. From Table 1, the first numbers of each column are 3, 8, 15, 24 Let us find the difference between elements of this sequence.The difference between two consecutive terms of this sequence is 5, 7, 9 i.e. D2 D1 = 8 3 = 5 D3 D2 = 7 D4 D3 = 9 and so on.As D2 represents the difference between two alternate natural numbers, (say a and b) which implies that the difference between a and b is 2.Now, 5 = 2 (2) +1i.e. 2 times of the difference between the numbers + 1In the same idea, D3 D2 = 15 8 = 7As D3 represents the difference between squares of the 4th and 1st natural numbers, (say a and b) which implies that the difference between a and b is 3.Thus, 7 = 2(3) + 1This also shows that the difference shall be found by= 2 times of the difference between the numbers + 1Thus,The first term of the each column shall be found by adding the previous column first term with 2 times of the difference between the numbers + 1Finding the elements row wiseThe elements of the table shall also be formed in row wise.If we check the elements of each row, we can find that they follow a number pattern sequence with some property.Let us consider the elements of row when N = 5 20, 40, 60, 8020 = 2 x 5 x 2Here, 5 represent the row natural number.2 represent the difference between the elements using which the column is formed.Thus Row element = 2 x N x differenceIn the same way, 40 = 2 x 5 x 4= 2 x N x differenceThus, the elements shall be formed by the ruleRow section = 2 x N x differenceThis shall be applied for middle rows also.For example, let us consider the row between 5 6The elements in this intermediate row are 11, 33, 55, 77, 99Here N is the mid value of 5 6. i.e. N = 5.5Let us consider the elements and apply the above stated rule.11 = 2 x N x difference= 2 x 5.5 x 1In the same way other elements shall also be formed.Thus the elements of the table shall be formed in row wise using the stated rule. infield Rule RelationLet us consider the elements in D2, D3 and D4.Consider the elements in the rhombus drawn, 24, 33, 39 and 4824 + 48 = 7233 + 39 = 72Thus the sums of the elements in the opposite corners are equal.The other column elements also prove the same.Thus, Rhombus Rule RelationSum of the elements the same row of the sequence of alternative columns is equal to the sum of the two elements in the intermediate column performance of the Properties in Finding the Square of a numberThe square of a natural number shall be found by various methods. Here is one of the suggested methods.This method uses nearest 10s and 100s to find the square of a number.This method is also based on the algebraic formula a2 b2 = (a b)(a + b)If a b, b2 = a2 (a2 b2)If b a, b2 = a2 + (b2 a2)Example Square of 32As we need to find 322, let us assume b = 32.The nearest multiple of 10 is 30. Let a = 30Here b a. b2 = a2 + (b2 a2)322 = 302 + (322 302)Us ing the Difference Sum Property,322 = 900 + 61 + 63 = 1024Example 2 Square of 9972Let b = 997Nearest multiple 10 is 1000. Let a = 1000Here a b, so b2 = a2 (a2 b2)9972 = 10002 (10002 9972)Using Difference Sum Property,9972 = 1000000 (1995 + 1997 + 1999)= 994009 deductionThough this method shall be applied to find the difference between squares of any two natural numbers, if the difference is big, it will be cumbersome. Thus, this method shall be used for finding the difference between squares of any two natural numbers where the difference is manageable. The properties shall be used for easy calculation.This properties and approach shall be introduced in secondary school lower grade levels, to sword the students to identify the number patterns. This approach will surely help the students to understand the properties of squares, difference and natural numbers. The new approach will surely help the students in developing their reasoning skills.LimitationsAs number systems, num ber patterns and arithmetic operations have wide applications in various fields, the above properties, rules and relations shall be further studied intensively based on the requirements. Thus, new properties and relations shall be identified and discussed with respect to other nations.

Friday, March 29, 2019

Politics Impact On Financial Market And Economy Economics Essay

Politics Impact On pecuniary Market And Economy governmental economy EssayThe birth merchandise affects the rescue on different sides rootage the wealth effect which is the effect on mickle fiscal turn uplook, this means that mess lose their money on sh ars. The second have-to doe with is the effect on pensions which means the investment cartel that disregard be the most important thing for the long depot development. The third impact is represented by the consumer confidence for the air commercialise. The fourth impact is the investment itself which is represented by the amplificationd issuing for sh bes. The eventu altogethery impact is the bond grocery store which develops and improves the investments (Pettinger, 2011).The economicals of a country is link up to the stock ex convert situation. Stock exchange has many roles in the economy raising capital for business through selling sh ars, mobilizing savings for investments helps companies worry in financing their organizations, facilitating company growth through merger concordance in stock market, profit sharing through dividends and stock expense that gen full pointte revenue if it increases and corporate governance by offering habitual stock exchange (kelly, 2010).Stock exchange also involve in creating investment opportunities for small investments since investing in sh bes is open for both magnanimous and small stock investors because a person buys the number of share he dejection afford. It is a barometer of economy since the share prices rise and fall depending on market forces. If the economy shows sign of st competency and growth, the share prices tend to rise or remain stable, however if it shows depression then the stock market crash (Mandelbrot Hudson, 2006).The suits of stocks are Common stock, Concentrated stock, Golden share, Growth stock, Issued shares, pet stock, Restricted stock, Shares authorized, Shares outstanding, Tracking stock, and Treasury stock (Litt le, 2012).In economics, a pecuniary market is a mechanism that allows people to buy and sell fiscal securities, commodities, and new(prenominal) fungible items of entertain at low transaction be and at prices that reflect the efficient market hypothesis (Mandelbrot Hudson, 2006). pay markets relieve the raise of capital, the transfer of take chances, and the international trade. The financial market matches amidst the borrower and the lender who buys or sold securities. Borrowers of the financial market can be somebody persons, nonpublic companies, public corporations, judicature, and municipalities whereas lenders in the financial market are the investors(Soros, 2009).The pecuniary markets could mean1. Organizations that facilitate the trade in financial products. For example stock exchanges facilitate the trade in stocks, bonds, and warrants.2. Relating buyers and traffickers to trade financial products.Financial market can be domestic or international trading financ ial products attract the interest of finance expert while the matches between seller and buyer attract the interest of economics (Dorfman, 1997).The finance markets arrive changes collectible to globalization and new economic mode, the demand have increased from investors, regulators, and customers. In Marc Fabers book Gloom Boom Doom Report, there is identification for tether structural changes in modern finance (Soros, 2009).These changes are called the three AtionsThe first Ation is securitization where a liability or a mortgage is turned into an asset. The increase in securitization lead to a big problem since it decreases the liquidity.The second Ation is the digitalisation of financial trading where technology network have linked globally the financial markets.The third Ation is the quantification where strong tendency in financial markets can be turned into organized spreadsheets with clear buy and sell signals.Finance market is always exposed to fortunes receivable t o the change in semipolitical, social, or technology situation (Amadeo, 2012). Market riskis the decrease in the valuate of an investment or trading due to the change in value of the market risk factors. The four standard market risk factors are stock prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and commodity prices. The related market risks are equity risk the risk that stock prices will change. fire rate risk the risk that interest rates will change. specie risk the risk that foreign exchange rates will change. good risk the risk that commodity prices such as corn, copper, crude anoint will change. Risk modelingmeans the use of techniques in localise to determine the financial risk. The techniques includemarket risk,value at risk, historical simulation, orextreme value theoryin order to dissect a financial situation and forecast the losses (Crockford, 1986).The financial risks are categorized intocredit risk,liquidity risk,interest rate risk, andoperational riskcategori es. Political risk is considered one of the operational risk beside legal risk and the operational risk management. This type of risks faces the investors, judicature, and corporations. there are macro and micro-level political risks. The Macro-level political risks have similar impacts across all foreign actors in a accustomed location. This means that it affects all participants in a given country. Micro-level risks focus on field, firm, or project specific risk. The political climate has a direct impact on every company and all businesses (Crockford, 1986).Politics is the process where a group of people make incarnate decisions that arrange the public regulations. Politics show authority and post that permits the government to manage and control the internal stability.The government failure occurs when it lose the ability to provide the civil his financial, social, and economical rights, in addition to the ability in controlling the political security. This can occur for th e following reasonsPoor learning this means that politicians may have poor in stoolation about the type of service to provide.Political interference this means that politicians may take the short-change term view rather than considering long term effects.Lack of incentives There is no profit motive working in the public sector which can lead to inefficiency.According to Bato (2010), the relationship is between the political license and the economic is statistically significant. Political liberty is connected with the concepts ofequality,civil liberties,and homophile rights. It provides the country the ability to start a new beginning that improves people lives. According to political philosopherNikolas Kompridis, the pursuit of freedom in the modern era can be freely divided into two motivating ideals freedom asautonomy, orindependence. There are different types of political failures A crisis of state authority which is represented by military pressures, a term crisis, or sev ere corruption. This can reflect the rise of religious sectors against the govern government. Major divisions among the official, military, economic, and religious experts of the country. Economic conditions that seem unjustly on workers can be the main factor in government failure. A broad culture of opposition that unites different social and political groups that encourages efforts to oppose the government.The political transitions are the activity that aims to change the government and the political system that leads to derangement in the internal political situation that has negative effect on the economy in addition to the destruction of the structure.Europeans spoke of revolutions when one form of government gave way to another or a city-states government shifted between republican and aristocratic rule. The notion of revolution destroys the old ways in order to bring new progresses that improve the performance. The revolutions were involved in Economics the shift from agr icultural to industrial economies is called the Industrial variety. Science Scientific vicissitude is used to indicate the shift from traditional natural philosophy to experimental science. Moreover, the revolutions were involved in improving the performance in military and other aspects (Bremmer, 2007).Political revolutions is used for sudden changes in the government through demonstrations and go with by attacks on government officials, on public or private property or any other political authority.When the revolution change government institutions but leave the economic and social structure they are called social revolutions. While they are called the great revolution if they change the government structures, the organization of the economy, the social hierarchy, the role of religion, and major symbols and beliefs regarding authority and national identity.Revolutions are a form of internal political conflict that relates to popular rebellions or civil wars. Revolution is not just challenges to political authority for power but efforts to change a societys major political or economic or religious institutions.Political revolutions is the result of government failure, therefore it aims at improving the economics of the country by ever-changing the government and political structure (Bremmer, 2007).The modern idea of revolution that developed in the ordinal century was to show revolutions as progressive changes in the social order. These changes replaced overaged and unjust political, economic, religious, and social institutions with a new social organization.The political revolutions have different objectives (Bremmer, 2007)Constitutional revolutions objective is to replacetraditional empires with republics bound by newly written rules that would limit state power and give rights and responsibilities to citizens. As an example on this type the American Revolution 1776 the French Revolution 1789 the Revolutions of 1848 in France, Germany, and Austria the Turkish Revolution of 1919 the Iranian Revolution of 1905 and the Chinese republican Revolution (1911).Anticolonial revolutions objective is to end rule by foreign countries. most examples include the Latin American revolutions 1808-1828, the Vietnamese 1954 and Algerian 1962 revolutionsCommunist revolutions fetch by the historical theories of Karl Marx, aimed to overturn existing government and replace them with one-sided states that remove private property. They revolutions created dictatorships that destroyed economic elites. For example on this revolution type, Russia 1917, China 1949, and Cuba 1959.Antidictatorial revolutions it is the result of corruption of dictatorships, aimed to create new governments based on constitutions or one-party states. For examples Mexico 1911, Nicaragua 1979, and the Philippines 1976 (Bremmer, 2007).People are involving in selecting the right government that can provide them strong economy and stable politics situation. The impact of the revol ution on the economy is negative during the act, beside it need a period of snip in order to rearrange the regulations and control the financial market. The stock market price will decrease since the demand will hindrance all the revolution period. Moreover the exchange will stop due to the difficulties and risk in transporting.Arab countries have successful take their independents from the occupational countries. However, the attraction who have organized the anticolonial revolution, ruled for a long period of time without respecting the countrys constitution.The majorities of Arab young are educated and have the ability to be profitable in his country. However, they are struggling to find full time use of goods and services due to the mess in distributing the job on unqualified people who permit the government to work for personal benefits.The Arab reaction to the popular sweat in Tunisia was surprising since they weremotivated to move against their own governments. Arab cou ntries lack political freedom beside to the economic difference (low income people, or high income), therefore they may use Tunisia sample in their own internal revolutions.The revolutions show a new beginning of a new Arab countries that aim at changing the governments that stole their economics resources by a government that provide them a strong economy.However, the fact is that The Egyptian market remained closed for the entire month of February even as the hardest hit markets were Oman and Qatar, down10.2% and 9.3% respectively for the month of February, while Dubai lost 8.1% and Saudi 6.6%.Investors seeking to reduce risk were forced to sell out of other Middle Eastern markets, including Qatar and Saudi Arabia.All countries within the component part are different with respect to their social, economic, and political challenges. However, we may witness merely pockets of changes across the Middle East. The fire that engulfed the Arab communities commenced in Tunisia, spread to Egypt, and transformed itself into a distinguished moment in the history of the Arab nation. Tunisians and Egyptians surprised the world with the move and dynamic nature of the revolution that within weeks achieved its objectives. The impacts of these revolutions are still expanding to stimulate the Arab masses to change their internal governments in Libya, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Yemen, Bahrain, and in Iraq. after(prenominal) undergoing the study, the collected data through both data collecting tools, subsidiary and primary, shows that the political turbulence has a negative impact on the financial economy.

Implementing a Management Information System

Implementing a focusing reading outlineChapter nary(prenominal) 1 launching 1.1 Research AimThe basic purpose of this research is to get cognition about the implementing a forethought training body in an musical arrangement. Moreover, it adjudicate the convenience of a watchfulness culture corpse in an organization in managing the reading. By implementing this c ar learning dodging, the focussing of development becomes easier for the managers.1.2 mise en sceneThis project is non a very complicated according to the concepts, plainly still it is a ch tout ensembleenging task for the mangers to implement this dust in their organizations. This research is basically depends upon the oecumenical ideas and experimentation to resolve problems and get to the winged solutions for managers.1.3 Research ObjectivesAppraise livelyly and review the literature link up to the MIS. bushel carcasss according to the mangers requirements that answer them to get the tuition faster and accurate.Make schemes that help the managers to search the informationbase quickly.Make the information unconscious process organization faster for the managers to defame the time.1.4 Research QuestionsWhich atomic number 18 the factors that atomic number 18 affecting the proper working of wariness information system within the comp some(prenominal)?How the management information system derriere help the managers to take accurate and efficient endings?What is the role of management information system in the increase and maturation of the company?What be the recommendations to the company to get interrupt accustom of management information system?1.5 PURPOSE OF STUDYThe use of vigilance culture establishment in the business organizations is more plebeian. The purpose of the research is to assess the impact of writ of execution of Management schooling arranging (MIS) to Habib Bank check. So the study was conducted to check out the MIS affects on th e performance of bank after its implementation.1.6 HYPOTHESISH0 Management education brasss (MIS) is non an effective cats-paw for the organization.H1 Management breeding dodges (MIS) is an effective tool for the organization.1.7 HABIB BANK LIMITEDHBL was the first commercial bank established in Pakistan in 1947. Over the years, HBL has gr aver its branch network and become the king-sizest privy sector bank with over 1450 branches across the country and a client base exceeding volt million relationships.The Government of Pakistan privatized HBL in 2004 through which AKFED acquired 51% of the Banks sh beholding and management control.With a aim in 25 countries, subsidiaries in Hong Kong and the UK, affiliates in Nepal, Nigeria, Kenya and Kyrgyzstan and rep offices in Iran and China, HBL is too the largest domestic multinational. The Bank is expanding its presence in principal international markets including the UK, UAE, South and Central Asia, Africa and the Far East. sp ot aras of operations include growth offerings and operate in Retail and Consumer Banking. HBL has the biggest corporate Banking portfolio in the country with a dynamic Investment Banking character. SME and Agriculture contri savee course of studys and banking serve atomic number 18 offered in urban and rural open fireters. (www.habibbankltd.com).With a client base of 5 million and a network of more than 1,450 branches in Pakistan, HBL is the largest private bank in the country. The network means that bank is geographically closer to its customers than any other bank. This gives the insights call for to provide a transition of harvest-feasts that directly reflect customer ineluctably. Bank remains resolute in the commitment to provide products that are competitive and services that are exemplary. (www.habibbankltd.com)Today, HBL come acrosss a central role in Pakistans financial and economic development. It started its operations in Bombay in 1941 with a fixed capi tal of 25,000 rupees.Impressed by its immemorial performance, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah (the founder of Pakistan) asked the Bank to shift its operations to Karachi after the creation of Pakistan. HBL recognised itself in the Quaids city in 1943 and became a symbol of pride and growth for the people of Pakistan.1.8 focal point entropy SYSTEMManagement Information System is a system that provides people with either entropy or information related to an organizations operations. MIS software documentation the activities of employees, owners, customers and other key people in the organizations milieu either by efficiently impact entropy to assist with the than section work load or by effectively supplying information to authorized people in a timely manner.A management information system (MIS) is the collection of system, both computerized and manual, that provides information about on going activities to an organizations finding sourrs.The management information system of Habib Bank Limited has following major divisions* Transaction Processing System* Management inform System* stopping point pledge System* ability Information System.1.9 act PROCESSION SYSTEM OF HABIB BANK LIMITEDTransaction touch on system supports the processing of Habib Bank Limited by automating the process of voluminous amounts of paperwork that must(prenominal) be turnd daily. These systems include accurate disking of daily Transactions, controlling the force of issuance e.g. issuance of feed suss outs invoices, customer statements, payment remainders, tuition bills and employee schedules and so on1.10 Transaction Processing FunctionsThere are three steps of processing a transaction.1.10.1 Book KeepingFirst of all accurate record of transaction is recorded e.g. recording the deposits or withdrawals of line holders. This recording of transaction is called Book Keeping involving applications of financial throwawaying.1.10.2 IssuanceIt refers to the production of pay cheques, invoices, casual statements as monthly teleph sensation bills, credit card bills and payment remainders etc.1.10.3 Control informReports that are produced as a by product of transaction processing operation and that also serves operation control purposes are called control reports, as pay cheques are of Habib Bank are produced in batches, worry wise the payroll edit report is produced to show the pay scheme of employees.1.11 MANAGEMENT REPORTING SYSTEMManagement Reporting System is an information system that provides predefined types of information to management. At Habib Bank Management Reporting System is used not only in management be after but also in managing the control system.1.12 Properties of Management Reporting System 1.12.1 bookManagement Reporting System supports structured and semi-structured closing, primarily at the middle-and lower-management levels.1.12.2 Provision of InformationManagement Reporting System Provides fixed types of information, in an established format the formation requirements of users are normally known and stable.1.12.3 record of Management ReportsOften implemented with voluminous, hardcopy reports, requiring separately user to search itemally for key information. Frequently require a formal request to be submitted formal systems development whitethorn be mandatory to approve the request.1.12.4 entropyIt has usually consisted of indispensable operational data, rather than data about the outdoor(a) environment. It rivaled with data about the past than data relating to the future.1.13 DECISION halt SYSTEMIt is a system that provides tools to managers to assist them in solving semi-structured and formless problems in their own somewhat personalized way. At Habib Bank decisions are only taken by Board of Directors otherwise usually predefined decisions are there for managers to follow.1.14 Properties of Decision Support System of Habib Bank 1.14.1 SupportDecision Support System supports semi-struc tured or unstructured decision- fashioning.1.14.2 FlexibilityThe Decision Support System of Habib Bank is flexible enough to respond to the changing ineluctably of decisions makers.1.14.3 Application WayDecision support system of Habib Bank is comfortable to use.1.14.4 FastnessDecision Support System is fast in responding with a high degree of user control and interaction.1.15 Types of Decisions Taken 1.15.1 Unstructured DecisionsThis is the decision for which information provided by computer or men is not masterly but is a shrimpy portion of the total knowledge needed to make a decision.1.15.2 Semi-structured DecisionsThe decision made under a discipline in which the information about problem to be solved is not complete is called semi-structured decision.1.16 OFFICE INFORMATION SYSTEM OF HABIB BANKThe combination of impudently technologies as hard eat up, software, facsimiles e-mails and the people availing their services makes the office information system.1.17 Components of theatrical role Information System of Habib BankThere are 3 major components of Office Information System, Document Management System, Message Handling System, and Office Support System.1.18 Document Management System of Habib BankDocument Management System of Habib Bank is partly manual and partly computerized.1.19.1 Reprographic SystemIn severally branch of Habib Bank Reprographic machines are there for making copies of required documents.1.19.2 excogitate Processing SystemAt Habib Bank the office system technology which is used is word processing involving hard ware and soft ware tools which allows computer system to operate.1.20 Message Handling System of Habib BankIt is one of major applications of Office Information System. At Habib Bank the message treatment system is of following.1.20.1 FacsimilesFax machines are there to forgather and send faxes in other branches of Habib Bank.1.20.2 Electronic MailElectronic mail is used to receive and send messages to other branch es.1.21 Office Support SystemMany applications conjointly help in working of groups, which are known as Office Support System.1.22 Office Support System of Habib Bank 1.22.1 Group wipe outHabib Bank provides group ware in following ways.1. Word processing services.2. Using fax mails.3. Availability to on- line Data.1.23 WORKING OF MIS IN contrastive departmentS OF HABIB BANK LIMITED 1.23.1 DEPOSIT incisionActivity of account inauguration and deposit department are the followingsa) Opening spic-and-span accounts.b) Maintain of deposits of the account holders.c) Processing stinkpot stop payment instructions.d) To give fresh cheque books.e) To make amendments in the existing accounts.f) Closing the accounts of accounts holders (if required).Almost all the activities mentioned to a higher place are performed through computer. The computer maintains all records of each and every client. Vouchers wealthy person been prepared and send to the MIS department for daily transactions a nd making changes in customers accounts.1.23.2 CASH DEALING DEPARTMENTThe major functions of cash dealing departments area) Cash receipts.b) To cash cheques.All the regarding date, account number, tile of account, eternal sleep of account holder and the signature of customer go been verified through computer.1.23.3 remission of sin DEPARTMENTThe major functions performed by remittance department area) remunerate order.b) Demand worry drafts on need.c) Post transport.d) Telegraphic transfer.Fax and environ are the major source of performing such activities.1.23.4 IMPORT DEPARTMENTThree major functions performed by the import departmenta) L/C opening.b) Lodgement of papers and documents.c) Retirement of papers and documents.Import department is considered to be one of the most all-important(prenominal) departments of the bank. It handles the import licensing and imports of merchandise.Imports can be detached into two categoriesa) Industrial Imports.b) Commercial and industrial Imports.Export Promotion way makes registration of imports, Document required for sole proprietor partnership concern and limited concerns are different.1.23.5 EXPORT DEPARTMENTExport is a major source of earning foreign modify. Every country wants to increase its exports because the foreign exchange earned through exports can help in meeting the other needs of the countries.The computer keeps the records of each and every dealing which has been made by the customer for import export purposes. The records concerning his past and inclose performance and balance of accounts helps to make further decisions whether to give him loan or not.1.23.6 PERSONNEL DEPARTMENTPersonal department uses computer for smooth functioning of work. The main functions performed by Personnel Department of Habib Bank area) Selection and recruitment.b) Training and growth.c) hire out explanation and estimation.d) Periodic reviewe) Communication1.23.7 MARKETING DEPARTMENTConsumer contentment is the first and for most priority for the bank. The market management makes policies for the remedy services of satisfaction of consumer. The process includesa) Finding out consumer wants and needs through marketing research.b) Finding possibilities and then development of those wants and needs.c) Establishing meaningful relations with customers.d) Improving of product development for customers.It is also the function of the organization to keep in everlasting contact with the consumer, read their needs, veritable the product that can fulfil their needs and build the aim that express organizational purpose. Bankers also try to settle down their past customers for offering more facilities to them. The computer provides every past and present updated account of each customer.Chapter No. 2 literary works REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 A System for obtaining Management InformationTo get the offend speedy management information, management may either use the services from a computer bureau, or they store their own computerized system.(David Freestone).2.1 Establishment of Management Information SystemsTechnology is improving the speed and reliability with which information is passed not only more or less the individual organization but also around the globe, and dramatic reductions in the cost of obtaining, processing and transmitting information are changing the way we do business. (Porter and Millar, 1991).Technology can assist those small firms that use these new technologies not only for data storage and transmission, but also to differentiate their products or to attack new market niches. The implementation should be handled by the team who leave behind be able to handle key tropical areas. (Nancy and Peter 2003).2.2 Role of Management Information SystemBasically a management information system is depending upon other mugwump systems which are working in a combination to provide proper management information and transformed information. By recognizing the data that what information managers required to manage the organization is a starting point for making a proper information system. (Tony Hines, 1995).2.3 DEVELOPMENT OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM AT SOUTH BANK POLYTECHNICThe prospect of wholly independent shape for South Bank Polytechnic in the late 1980s, responsible for its own finance, property and personnel, gave considerable motivation towards improving management structures and information systems. In the Peat Marwick McLintock analysis, the overall management information wants the Polytechnic recognized the interrelationship of five information sources staff, students (enrolment and applications), resources (finance), space and curriculum. The Management Information System under development reflects this with an additional component called Performance Indicators, which is generated within the system.(Perry P, Payne C, Geddes T (1991).2.4 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)According to Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane Price Laudon ment ioned in their book Management Information Systems A contemporary Perspective, an information system is a set of procedures that collects (or retrieves), processes, stores, and disseminates information to support decision making and control. In most cases, information systems are formal, computer-based systems that play an integral role in organizations. Although information systems are computer based, it is important to note that any old computer or software program is not necessarily an information system. Electronic computers and interrelated software programs are the technical foundation, the tools and materials, of modern information systems, Laudon and Laudon wrote. Understanding information systems, though, requires one to consider the problems they are normaled to solve, the architectural and design solutions, and the organizational processes that lead to these solutions.2.5 Systems emergenceThe development of effective information systems holds a number of challenges for small businesses. Despite, or perhaps because of, the quick development of computer technology, there is nothing blue or mechanical about building workable information systems, Laudon and Laudon stated. Building, operating, and maintaining information systems are challenging for a number of reasons. For example, some information cannot be captured and put into a system. Computers frequently cannot be programmed to take into account participant responses to marketing strategy or changes in economic conditions, among other things. Adding up, the charge of information erodes over time, and rapid changes in technology can make systems become outdated very quickly. In conclusion, many companies keep an eye on systems development to be problematic because the services of skilled programmers are at a premium.The momentum to develop a new information system can grow up of end-user demands, the availability of new technology, or management strategy. A range of tools exists for analyzing a companys information requirements and pattern systems to support them. The fundamental process of systems development shoots defining the project, creating a model of the topical system, deriving a model for the new system, measuring the costs and benefits of all alternatives, dealing the best option, designing the new system, completing the specific programming functions, installing and testing the new system, and completing a post-implementation audit.The organization must develop a proficiency for ensuring that the most important systems are attended to first, that unnecessary systems are not built, and that end users have a full and meaningful role in determining which new systems will be built and how, according to Laudon and Laudon. (Thomson Gale, 2002)2.6 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN PLANNINGA management information system for planning enables the corporation to have a central facility where large amounts of information can be gathered and stored. The information can be quickly retrieved and updated to help managers in making decisions. The management information system is capable of evaluating more alternatives than manual methods, can make superior and fast decisions and provides timely and accurate information for decision making. Possibly if more companies are able to entirely put together the finance, marketing, production and human resources functions into an combine corporate simulation model, they will be better able to find out the effects that changes in internal or external phenomenon will have on their organization. (Sethi NK, 1978)2.7 DATA BASE ORGANIZATION INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN COMPLEX MANAGEMENTManagement information systems, like programming languages (e.g., ALGOL 60), which were in the first place regarded as quite universal, ceased to satisfy their creators at a certain make up of development. The disillusionment was due to the increase in accumulated knowledge, skills, and experience, to advances in hardware and sof tware, and to the ever-expanding range and diversity of the relevant tasks.Although the basic requirements and the underlying design principles were universally chordd upon since the early development of MIS, both theoreticians and practitioners were satisfied with partial realisation of these requirements up to a point. At the present stage, however, no one can remain satisfied with the prevailing state of affairs, either organizationally or professionally.Just complex MIS incorporating all the fundamental properties of the relevant objects, with their applications and interactions can hope to be effective. The development of such MIS requires using the latest advances in recognition and technology and instituting crash programs for the solution of the complex problems that arise in the design process.2.8 ESTABLISHING A MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMInformation is a critical resource in the operation and management of organizations. Well-timed availability of distract informati on is essential for efficient performance of managerial functions such as planning, organizing, leading, and control. An information system in an organization is like the nervous system in the human body, it is the connection that links all the organizations components together and provides for better operation and survival in a competitive environment. Indeed, todays organizations run on information. (Babu AR, Singh YP, Sachdeva RK)2.9 Basic Concepts 2.9.1 Data versus InformationData refers to raw, unevaluated facts, s, symbols, objects, events, etc. Data perchance will be a collection of facts lying in storage, like a telephone directory or sample records.The information is data that have been set into a meaningful and helpful background and communicated to a recipient role who make use of it to make decisions. The information involves chat and reception of word and knowledge. This appraises and notifies surprises and stimulates, reduces ambiguity, reveals additional alternati ves or helps eliminate irrelevant or poor ones, and influences individuals and stimulates them to action. An atom of data may constitute information in a specific context for example, when we want to contact our friend, his or her telephone number is a piece of information otherwise, it is just one element of data in the telephone directory.The computers have made it easier to process functions. Huge quantities of data can be processed rapidly through computers assisting in the conversion of data to information. Raw data go into the system and is changed into the output of the system. And this information supports managers in the decision- making.2.9.2 Characteristics of InformationThe characteristics of good information are relevance, timeliness, accurateness, cost-effectiveness, dependability, usability, exhaustiveness, and aggregation level. Information is related if it leads to superior decision-making. It may be relevant if it reaffirms a previous decision. If it not then it i s not relevant.The timeliness represents money of information accessible to the users. The currentness of data and information is time hole between the occurrences of an occasion in the field until its presentation to the user (decision maker).Accurateness is considered by comparing data to genuine procedures. The grade of correct data varies with the kind of decisions that need to make. Though, a general estimation of how much personnel time was dedicated to a incident activity may be all that needed.2.9.3 Value of InformationInformation has a great impact on decision-making, and hence its value is close tied to the decisions that result from its use. The information not has a complete common value. This value is linked to that use it, when it is used, and in what situation it is used. Information is like other commodities. For illustration, value of a glass of water is different for somebody who has lost his way in arctic glaciers than it is to a wanderer in the Sahara desert.T he information supports decisions, decisions activate actions, and events affect the achievement or performance of the company. If it measures the variance in performance, it can be traced the impact of information, provided that the measurements are carefully performed, the relationships among variables are well defined, and possible effects of irrelevant factors are isolated. The calculated deviation in performance due to informational factors is called the realistic value or revealed value of information.For most information systems, mainly those supporting middle and top management, the eventful decisions often relate to events that are not severely defined and involve probabilities that cannot be quantified. The decision-making process often is difficult to understand and the outcome are scaled by several and incomparable dimensions. In such cases, we may either attempt to perform a multi-attribute analysis or advance an overall subjective value. The subjective value reflec ts peoples comprehensive impression of information and the amount they are willing to pay for specific information. (Ahituv N, Neumann S, Riley HN, 1994)2.9.4 Information as an Aid to Decision MakingThe process of decision making as comprising four steps intelligence, design, choice, and review. The intelligence phase encompasses collection, classification, processing, and presentation of data relating to the organization and its environment. Simon (1977). This is essential to recognize situations calling for decision. Throughout this decision stage, the decision maker outlines substitute solutions, each of which involves a set of actions to be taken. statistical and other models to forecast possible outcomes for each alternative now use the data collected during the intelligence stage. Every alternative can also be examined for technological, behavioral, and economic feasibility. In the choice stage, the decision maker should select one of the alternatives that will best donate to the goals of the organization. Previous choices can be subjected to review during the implementation and monitoring to enable the manager to learn from mistakes. Information plays a vital role in all four stages of the decision process. -I indicates the information requirement at each stage, along with the functions performed at each stage and the feedback loops between stages.2.10 Conceptual FrameworkResearch Question schemeQuestionnaire questionsWhich are the factors that are affecting the proper working of management information system within the company?(M-MIS, (1995),Risks Associated With MIS.Do you think that employees are needed to be sufficiently trained for new systems and subsequent enhancements?Do you agree that the company is satisfied with the development of user manuals and testing of the system?How the management information system can help the managers to take accurate and efficient decisions?Simon (1977),Information as an Aid to Decision MakingDoes management has an y form _or_ system of government to monitor the new MIS?Has your management positive and maintained a current MIS policy or perform?What is the role of management information system in the development and growth of the company?Tony Hines (1995), Role of Management Information System.Do you think MIS is an effective tool for the company?Does the internal planning process consider and incorporate the importance of MIS at both the strategic and tactical level?What are the recommendations to the company to get better use of management information system? Masood SH, Pires CG (2005) SH, Management information system for better team productivity.Does management encourage communication lines to link all MIS user effectively?Does management use a project management technique to monitor MIS development schedules?Does Company update MIS regularly?Chapter No. 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYChapter No. 4 DATA abstract4.0 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 4.1 DATA ANALYSIS1. Has your management developed and ma intained a current MIS policy or practice? relative frequencyPercentage (%)Yes4534.6No8565.4 essential130 nose candyResult shows that out of 130 respondent 45(34.6%) express that their management has developed and maintained a current MIS policy or practice small-arm 85(65.4%) state that their management has not developed and maintained a current MIS policy or practice.2. Does MIS policy or practice provide direction to company employees to achieve their purposes?FrequencyPercentage (%)Yes7557.7No5542.3 do130100Out of 130 respondents majority 75(57.7%) say that MIS policy or practice provide centering to company employees to achieve their purposes and 55(42.3%) said that MIS policy or practice does not provide guidance to company employees to achieve their purposes.3. Do you entrust that MIS policy or practice provide enough guidance to achieve effective bipartisan communication between management and employees?FrequencyPercentage (%)Yes8061.5No5038.5Total13010080(61.5%) respo ndents said they believe that MIS policy or practice provide enough guidance to achieve effective two-way communication between management and employees while 50(38.5%) were not agreed with it.4. Do you believe after implementation of MIS System Companys staffs performs well in initiating, growth and completing their jobs?FrequencyPercentage (%)Yes7557.7No5542.3Total130100Result shows that out of 130 respondents 75(57.7%) said that they believe after implementation of MIS system companys staff performs well in initiating, developing and completing their jobs while 55(42.3%) said no.5. Do you think that MIS policy or practice provide enough guidelines for installing MIS enhancements in a controlled change environment?FrequencyPercentage (%)Yes9573.1No3526.9Total130100Result depicts that out of 130 respondents 95(73.1%) said that MIS policy or practice provide enough guidelines for installing MIS enhancements in a controlled change environment while 35(26.9%) respondents were not ag reed with it.6. Do you agree that MIS policy or practice is helpful in acquiring, merging, manipulating and up-loading data to other systems?FrequencyPercentage (%)Yes8565.4No4534.6Total130100Above table shows that out of 130 respondents 85(65.4%) said that MIS policy or practice is h